BroJon News:
Friday May 13, 2005
WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS
CHAPTER ONE: Maybe The Theorists Got It Wrong
In 1980, Dr Luis Alvarez hypothesized that a massive meteorite hit the earth 65 million years ago,
leaving a deposit of white powder around the world, known in geology as the K-T boundary.
Below the K-T boundary, fossils of large dinosaurs are found, but above the boundary - no dinosaurs.
Fig. 1) Dr. Luis Alvarez and son Walter discover the "Boundary"
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This observation has been the reason for the main accepted theory for
the last two decades, that a large meteorite killed the dinosaurs. But
it that true?
THE DEBATE: Asteroid or Volcano
Some paleontologists are now proposing that possibly the geologic record
shows that severe climate change from extreme volcanic activity during
the time was responsible for the death of the dinosaurs. The debate is
now forcing scientists to choose up sides - Was it meteorite or
volcanoes? But what if both are wrong, and it was neither?
Some of the data seem to indicate it might have been a meteorite, but
other observations seem to favor a volcanic cause. But there are also
holes in both theories. Some of the geologic and scientific
observations can't be explained by either or both of the theories.
Such as why did whatever happened at the K-T boundary, kill only all the
large reptilians, the dinosaurs, but seemed not to have any affect on
such smaller ancient reptiles as turtles, crocodiles and alligators?
Those animals along with similar reptiles still remain alive today.
Also not affected were reptilian-like birds and even insects, other than
most of them became much smaller after the K-T event.
THE CHANGES: At the Cretaceous-Tertiary K-T Boundary
Some clear changes in the lifeforms on earth did occur at the K-T
boundary. Prior to the boundary, the predominant form was reptilian,
but afterward, the predominant form was
small non-reptiles such as early marsupials and mammals. Most
scientists, misconstrue this change as from "cold-blooded" animals to
"warm-blooded" animals. Not So.
The difference between reptiles and mammals is not the temperature of
the blood but the mechanism used to maintain that temperature. Reptiles
have no internal organ or means for maintaining their temperature. If
the temperature is too hot, then reptiles must hide under a rock or in
the shade to keep cool. Or if the temperature is too cool then
reptiles must "sun" themselves to gain heat, or burrow in the ground or
stay in water to stay warm or regulate their temperature. But normally,
reptilian blood temperature is just about the same as in mammals.
Reptiles must use external means to regulate their temperature.
Most mammals have something like a thyroid gland that monitors the
external air temperature breathed in and flowing through the throat, and
also monitors the blood temperature flowing from heart to brain. This
unique gland sits in the throat and has both hot carotid arteries
coming directly from the heart and passing through both thyroid lobes.
The thyroid gland then releases the proper amount of thyroxin to
control evaporative cooling in the lungs and metabolic heating to
maintain a constant blood-brain temperature - despite the outside air
temperature and weather conditions.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE: 100 Degrees
For both reptiles and mammals, in fact almost all animals with nerve and
brain tissue, that brain tissue must be kept at a temperature of about
100F within a few degrees, to remain electrically and chemically active.
If not, then the brain tissue ceases to function properly and coma and
death soon result. Note that temperature for future reference.
While human body temperature is about 98.6 degrees, the brain
temperature is about 99 to 100 degrees. If the brain temperature falls
to about 95 degrees, then the individual goes to sleep. During sleep,
the brain temperature begins to rise each morning and is back to 100
degrees about 15 minutes before waking up. If the temperature of a
mammal's brain drops about 10 degrees the result is coma. In some
animals this coma condition is recoverable and is called hibernation,
which is a winter survival mechanism for some animals.
If a reptile falls asleep and the surrounding air temperature falls to 70 degrees, the reptile may not wake up.
Fig. 2) Heated Terrarium With Incandescent Hood for Constant Warmth
Above Room Temperature, Which Is Not Necessary For Mammal Pet Cages
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Reptiles have no means to regulate their brain temperature during sleep.
That's why terrariums are usually kept heated above room temperature, or the reptile may not survive.
What that means is that most mammals. marsupials and birds can tolerate
weather changes from arid desert heat to frigid blizzard snow storm and
still survive. But most reptiles wouldn't have a chance over that wide
range of climate. Today, the reptiles only live in a very narrow range
of climates around the earth. Birds such as penguins, and mammals like
the seals live in 32 degree freezing Antarctica and the Arctic, but
reptiles do not.
THE GREAT SHIFT: Gymnosperms to Angiosperms -- The Record of the Seeds
Usually not discussed at all, in what may have happened during the K-T
Boundary event, is that not just animals such as dinosaurs were
affected, but also an extreme and vast change in the plant lifeforms of
earth also occurred at that same time.
Prior to the K-T shift nearly all of the plants were gymnosperms. In
general these are non-flowering non-seed-bearing plants like ferns. fern
trees, and fern palms, or needled trees such as redwoods or pines
trees. These plants are also called "evergreens" since these plants seem
the same, or green, all year round. They are not seasonal plants.
These primitive plants do have a simple form of seed or spore but
without any protective covering. The name gymnosperm means naked-seed.
After the K-T boundary, most of the vast variety of new plant forms were
angiosperms. These are the flowering plants, which either completely
die each year and regrow each spring from seeds dropped the previous
year. Or if it is a large tree, the leaves are completely dropped and
new growth comes from new leaves and flowering portions of the tree each
spring. The seeds of angiosperms have hard coverings or casings which
can tolerate hot arid drying desert heat and even cold freezing, then
still sprout the next year. The name angiosperm means covered-seed.
What this means is that after the K-T boundary, the new predominant
lifeforms, both plants and animals, were the ones which could tolerate
wide changes in the seasons from winter to summer. But before the K-T
boundary, the plants and animals had no means to respond to seasonal
changes. But what causes seasonal changes? They are caused by the tilt
of the earth.
THE K-T EVENT: The Beginning of Earth Seasons
Is it possible that before the K-T boundary the earth was not tilted,
then whatever happened at the K-T boundary event also caused the earth
to tilt at 23.5 degrees? This would mean that before the K-T event
there were no seasons, and this favored the older life forms of
gymnosperms and reptiles. But after the K-T boundary, the earth became
tilted, causing seasons and seasonal climate changes, and then favoring
the new angiosperms and mammals.
As further evidence, most angiosperms need the changes of the seasons to
trigger when to drop seeds or sprout. Most angiosperms also need the
changes in the length of the daylight as the seasons change to determine
when to bloom. Without the seasonal changes most angiosperms would
fail. Does this then show that angiosperms could not and did not
develop before the K-T boundary because the earth was not yet tilted and
there were no seasons? Not yet.
I have not seen any other scientist look at this possibility to explain
the disappearance of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. But if this
possibility were correct then current theories about orogeny,
paleo-magnetism and plate tectonics would also need to be revised.
There is plenty of data in the geologic record to show that this might
be a good idea to revise all three at the same time. And it might
finally resolve the issue about what really killed the dinosaurs.
WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS
CHAPTER TWO: What Caused the Earth to Tilt 65 Million Years Ago?
In chapter one, you probably found that there is significant evidence in
the geologic and scientific record indicating that the earth seems to
have somehow been tilted over about 23.5 degrees at the time of the K-T
boundary 65 million years ago. And the tilting of the earth started
seasons, along with seasonal changes in climate, and that is what killed
the dinosaurs. Could it have been some wandering asteroid passing near
or impacting earth that caused the earth to tilt?
The laws of physics would say that nothing internal to the earth could
have caused the earth to tilt over on its own axis so it must have been
some event external to the earth such as a passing asteroid. Is that
true? What if some huge volcanic explosion erupted in the earth's
northern hemisphere. The violent eruption could then act like a large
rocket jet blasting into space, causing the earth to recoil and tilt
back from the blast and then tilting over at 23.5 degrees. Is that
possible?
But again we get back to the current main scientific theories and
dilemma, that what killed the dinosaurs was either a wandering asteroid
passing by or impacting earth causing it to tilt over, and creating
seasons and killing dinosaurs. Or maybe it was a large volcanic
explosion tilting the earth and causing seasons and killing dinosaurs.
Was it asteroid or volcanoes? Was it some as yet unknown and
undiscovered "deus ex machina" which caused the tilt of the earth?
Again, maybe it was neither. What does the actual geologic record show?
THE LAYERS: Peeling the Earth Like an Onion
One of the important items of evidence is that, surely when earth was
formed it was layered, something like the layers of an onion. Each layer
downward was more dense and heavier than the layers above.
Fig. 3) The Layered Onion Of Earth: The Rigid Layers of SIMA and SIAL
lithosphere Float On The Fluid Asthenosphere (shown in red)
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Above the heavy metallic mantle floats the molten fluid asthenosphere
which is where most hot volcanic lava comes from. This material is
mostly iron, silicon and magnesium metallic alloys and is called SIMA.
Floating on the astheno- sphere is the lighter rocky continental
material. This material is almost all silicon and aluminum atoms which
are bonded with oxygen. Since it is mostly silicon and aluminum oxide it
is called SIAL. Metallic oxides are all called ceramics and are much
lighter and less dense than molten pure metals. So the lighter rocky
ceramic SIAL continents float on the heavier metallic SIMA
asthenosphere.
Floating above the rocky SIAL is the layer of watery oceans or the
hydrosphere. And floating above all of those is the even lighter less
dense gaseous layer of air called the atmosphere. Thus the earth is
something like a layered onion with each layer going outward lighter and
less dense than the deeper layers below.
Information from NASA would seem to indicate that all of the other large
bodies, planets and big moons of our solar system also seem to be
layered like onions. Thus the earth is much like all other large bodies
in orbit around the sun. Except for one thing. A huge portion, three
fourths of one of the layers of the onion skin on planet earth is
completely missing. Where did it go? And how did such a thing happen?
THE GEOLOGIC MYSTERY: Where Did the Missing Continents Go?
For almost a century, since the 1912 publication of German geologist
Alfred Wegener's book, it has been recognized that three fourths of the
rocky continental SIAL material of earth is simply missing. Where did
it go and when did it disappear? One hundred years ago geologists did
not have the information we have now, so it has always just remained a
geologic mystery. But that mystery is now about to be solved.
One of the new clues is that during the 1980's ocean-going prospecting
ships took a survey of the ocean beds of earth looking for minerals
and oil. The ocean bottom samples they brought back all showed that the
ages of almost all the lava-like SIMA material which makes up all the
ocean beds are no older than about 65 million years old. This was a
surprising result but seems to have been largely ignored by the
scientific community.
What that means is that prior to 65 million years ago there probably was
a thick rocky continental layer of SIAL which uniformly and completely
covered the whole earth like an onion skin, just as on all the other
planets and moons in our solar system. Then about 65 million years ago
something tore away about three fourths of that rocky SIAL continental
material and exposed the hot SIMA asthenosphere below. That newly
exposed hot asthenosphere cooled and became the new ocean beds. The
point in time at which the basaltic SIMA material was exposed and cooled
is indicated by their present age of 65 million years or less.
THE REMNANT CALLED PANGEA: Was It a Result of the K-T Event or Pushed Together by Internal Forces
Another clue is that about that time, when three fourths of the rocky
continental material was ripped away, the rocky material that was left
was then all in one place and on one side of the planet earth. That
remnant rocky material which now only covers about one fourth of the
planet was called Pangea. And Pangea was originally all in one place.
Fig. 4) A Typical Guess of What Pangea May Have Looked Like 200 Million
Years Ago. This Is Shown Incorrectly. The Upper Portion Called
"Laurasia" Should Be Rotated Clockwise About 45 Degrees. This Would
Close The Large Opening On the Right Called The Tethys Sea.
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Since that time, that remnant has broken apart and has uni- formly
spread around the earth to balance the spinning planet in its orbit.
The broken remnants became the present day continents, which are now
widely spread around the planet.
Modern day theory mistakenly dates the breakup of Pangea into the two
major com- ponents of Laurasia and Gondwanaland about 250 million years
ago. But, as we will soon see, this could be simply a problem of
geography and paleo-magnetic measurements. If the whole remnant body of
Pangea was originally rotated about 45 degrees clockwise, then the
magnetic dating of Laurasia and Gondwanaland would show they were all in
the same place at the same time 250 million years ago, and even up to
65 million years ago.
They had always been all in the same place as part of the non-moving
uniform layer of rocky material completely covering the earth. They had
been in the same place since the oldest measured dates going back well
beyond 600 million years ago. But then they broke up and started to
spread apart about 65 million years ago. This accounts for why all the
present day ocean beds have an age of 65 million years or less.
Is it possible that whatever event ripped away three fourths of the
earth's continental surface material 65 million years ago is also what
caused the earth to tilt over at 23.5 degrees, causing the beginning of
seasons and the demise of the dinosaurs?
The earth's geologic record still has much more information readily
available which can tell us the answer to that question. The problem is
putting all of the various pieces of scientific evidence together into
one self-consistent hypothesis.
WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS
CHAPTER THREE: Where did the Missing Continents Go 65 Million Years Ago?
What we've seen so far is that sometime about 65 million years ago, the
earth was seemingly tilted over at 23.5 degrees and the seasonal changes
of winter and summer began. This was shown in the geologic record by
the sudden shift in the earth's plants and animals at the K-T boundary
from the earlier gymnosperms and reptilians, to the later angiosperms
and mammals.
We've also seen that about 65 million years ago, about three fourths of
the rocky SIAL continental layer which had completely covered planet
earth seems to have suddenly all disappeared. This left behind one
fourth of that layer as the proto-continent, Pangea, which was all in
one place and on one side of the earth. This is shown in the geologic
record as all the places where the rocky material was ripped off and
disappeared, meaning today's ocean beds, all have an age of 65 million
years or less.
If three fourths of the rocky continental layer mysteriously disappeared
65 million years ago, wouldn't it be reasonable that also three fourths
of the layers above, meaning the oceans and atmosphere would also have
disappeared at the same time? Does the geologic record show this. Yes,
it surely does, but only if you know where to look.
MYSTERIOUS OCEANS: Why It Took So Long for Life to Appear on Land
If originally, there were four times as much land, ocean and atmosphere,
then the depth of the proto-oceans would be four times as deep as it is
now. Does the geologic record show that? With a current average
depth of about two miles today, the original depth would have then been
about eight miles deep. But that would have completely covered the
whole planet with no land or continents visible. Did that happen? What
does the geologic record show.
One of the great mysteries of geology and paleontology is why did it
take so long for life to emerge on the land. Earliest life forms seem
to appear in the oceans somewhere about a billion or 1,000 million years
ago.
Fig. 5) THE PHANEROZOIC TIME SCALE
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From about 700 million years ago during the Pre-Cambrian Period to
about 400 million years ago during the Devonian Period, advanced
lifeforms including both plants and animals abounded in the oceans in a
vast variety of complex and some rather huge forms, but no life on the
land. Why?
Could it be that before 400 million years ago, there simply was no land?
The earth was completely covered by water. All the continental rocky
land was covered by a vast eight mile deep ocean. Thus there was no
land for the plants and animals to live on. Life only existed in the
miles deep ocean. That solves one long-standing geologic mystery, but
then what made the land mysteriously and suddenly appear during the
Devonian Period 400 million years ago?
To solve the mystery of the sudden appearance of land during the
Devonian Period, paleon- tologists, biologists and botanists would need
to understand a basic, though esoteric, principle of physics called,
Conservation of Angular Momentum (CAM). Most bio-scientists did not
study physics or if they did, they probably didn't really understand the
meaning of the principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum or CAM.
PRIMARY PRINCIPLE: The Conservation of Angular Mometum (CAM)
It turns out that without the principle of CAM there would be no
planetary systems or solar systems, no planets and certainly no life on
any planets. So how did CAM suddenly make the land appear on planet
earth during the Devonian Period 400 million years ago? And how did it
also suddenly make the dinosaurs disappear 65 million years ago, at the
same time as it made three fourths of the continental rocky layer of
earth disappear?
The usual explanation of Conservation of Angular Momentum given in
physics classes uses an ice skater, like Tara Lipinski at the Winter
Olympics. At the end of her skate routine she begins to spin around,
Fig. 6) Tara Lipinski Brings Her Arms Inward To Begin Her Astounding Medal-Winning Triple Axel Spin
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then slowly brings her arms closer to her body, and Tara seems to spin
faster and faster until she is only a swirling blur. And why are ice
skaters used as examples in physics classes? Only an ice skater on the
nearly frictionless ice, can rotate rapidly and duplicate the rotation
of bodies like earth which rotate frictionlessly in space.
The CAM principle says, as any rotating body reduces its distance from
the axis of rotation, it must rotate faster and faster to "conserve
angular momentum." At the end of Tara's routine, on the last note of
the music on the tinny rink-arena sound system, Tara flings her arms
outward and comes to a sudden complete stop to a loud congratulatory
applause.
Fig. 7) Tara Lipinski Extends Her Arms and Legs Away From the Center
Line of Her Body To Stop Her Rapid Spin So That She Can End Her Routine
and Accept Her Olympic Medal.
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What a wonderful display. It turns out that planet earth is just as
agile and adept as Tara and can do that very same trick. And has done
it several times in the past, as is shown in the geologic record.
MYSTERY IN THE AIR: Why the Earth is Different
When the earth first formed it had a very thick atmosphere, more than
four times thicker than at present. It was made mostly of carbon
dioxide, methane and ammonia, just like all the other planets in our
solar system. The thick dense atmosphere covered the massive thick
layer of water about eight miles deep, and there was no land.
As the planet cooled it shrank as hot gases deep in the mantle were
released into the ancient atmosphere. As the planet earth cooled and
shrank, its diameter became slightly smaller. But this is the same as
skater Tara, bringing in her arms and spinning faster. As the earth's
diameter shrank with age it also rotated faster and faster.
The first life form on earth was not animals, but was only simple
single-celled plants called blue-green algae or phytoplankton. These
"plants" as do all plants, take carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia, and
converts them into hydrocarbons, carbohydrates and ammonia (or amino)
acids which make up proteins and which become the parts of the body of
the plant. And then as a waste product the plants release oxygen and
nitrogen.
To do all of this, all that the plants needed was sunlight. With no
predators or other lifeforms to compete with, the plants completely
filled the oceans with sun-loving phytoplankton. And the
"plantification" of earth completely converted earth's entire atmosphere
from carbon dioxide into oxygen and nitrogen.
BATTLE OF THE 'SEXES': Plants versus Animals
Billions of years later after the first plants had converted most of the
primeval atmosphere into oxygen and nitrogen, the first single-celled
animals appeared. Animals were a very different form of life. They
can't survive on just air and sunlight, as do the plants. The animal
were not "breath-airians." The animals needed something to eat to get
their energy. They ate the plants.
Thus ended the great age of atmosphere conversion, and began the earth's
present balance between two competing and complementary lifeforms,
plants and animals. It leaves the earth now with its oxygen-nitrogen
atmosphere. That's why no other planets in the solar system have an
oxygen atmosphere, since it's a by-product of single-celled plant life
and requires a very deep watery ocean.
So what happened 400 million years ago, during the Devonian period to
make land suddenly appear on earth? And then within a geologic blink of
an eye, in only a few hundred or thousand years, all manner of
lifeforms, plants and animals, suddenly spread in teeming abundance all
across the newly exposed land surface.
Then later, the Conservation of Angular Momentum (CAM) also caused
another vast change in earth about 225 million years ago which
completely devastated all life on earth, in a process called the "Great
Dying." At that time, during the P-T or Permian-Triassic boundary,
nearly 95% of all life in both the oceans and on the land simply
disappeared. Why? What was the CAM event that caused the "Great
Dying?"
And by that same CAM process with planet earth doing its imitation of
Tara Lipinski routines, the earth continued to change until 65 million
years ago at the K-T boundary, the dinosaurs along with three fourths of
the rocky continental layer on the earth's surface all suddenly
disappeared. We are now ready to put all the pieces of the geologic
record evidence together to find out what really killed the dinosaurs.
WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS
CHAPTER FOUR: How CAM Changed Orogeny, Paleomagnetism and Plate Tectonics -- Putting It All Together
Previously, we've learned that science is currently in a dilemma: What
killed the dinosaurs - asteroid or volcanoes? But what if it were
something else? The observation of the layer of white powder at the K-T
boundary 65 million years ago with dinosaur fossils below and none
above, has lead to the current dilemma. The real problem for science is
usually not finding the right answers, but is actually just finding and
asking the right questions.
Why is it at the K-T boundary 65 million years ago, that the life forms
on earth suddenly shift from non-seasonal reptiles and gymnosperms, to
the seasonal mammals and angiosperms? Why is it that the seasons caused
by the tilting of the earth seem to begin at the K-T boundary? Why is
it that the basaltic beds of all the oceans all seem to be of the same
age of 65 million years or less? Why is it that all the rocky
continental material seemed to be all in the same place about 65 million
years ago? And what made the other three fourths of all the rocky
continents suddenly disappear 65 million years ago, exposing the new sea
beds, and where did the missing continents go? None of the current
theories about the disappearing dinosaurs even ask or address those
questions.
Actually there are whole groups of many other unasked questions about
the K-T boundary, which have to do with observations about mountain
building, or Orogeny; and with what causes the earth's magnetic field,
or Paleomagnetism; and with what causes the continents to move around
the planet, called Plate Tectonics. If I gave you those questions, you
would intuitively know the answers. They are not hard to figure out.
But that may be too much information all at once. Let's look at the
problem chronologically.
THE EARTH IS BORN: The Smelting of Iron and Removing the Dross
Ignoring for the moment how it got here, the earth at its beginning was
in orbit around the sun and was spinning on its axis. This seems to
have occurred about 4.5 billion years ago. At that time the earth was
almost perfectly layered like an onion, just like the other planets in
the solar system. Each layer lighter and less dense going outward from
the center. As the earth cooled for some billions of years, a firm
surface crust was formed on the outside and the earth began to shrink.
This is like heating raw iron ore in a vessel until it melts. The
impurities are usually lighter and float on the surface of the molten
iron. As the vessel with the hot metal cools, the impure dross
solidifies into a crust on the surface and can be scooped off the top.
That is how most metallic ores are purified and smelted. As it cools
the metallic ore also shrinks.
The shrinkage of earth was caused for two reasons. Almost any hot
metal will shrink when cooled. The core of the earth is hot metal.
Also over time, gases in the interior of the earth will leak out into
the atmosphere. This is similar to letting air out of a balloon and the
balloon shrinks. Just as with ice skater Tara Lipinski pulling in her
arms, as the earth shrank, it spun around faster and faster. What
happens when the earth spins faster?
As the earth spins faster, the centrifugal force along the equator
increases. This is the same force that points away from the center, as
when you swing a bucket of water around you and the water stays in the
bucket. The centrifugal force holds the water in the bucket. So what
happens to the earth?
It becomes oblate because of the outward centrifugal force around the
equator. And oblate means it becomes fatter around the middle, compared
to the distance around the poles.
Fig. 8) A geometric model of an Oblate Spheroid. This is created when a
spherical body rotates very quickly and the equatorial region becomes
fatter. In the Solar System, the planet Saturn is the most oblate with
an equator 10 percent larger than the polar distance.
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Another example is to look at the two pictures of skater Tara Lipinski
as she begins her rapid spin. While she is spinning, her skirt is
thrown outward by centrifugal so that it is almost standing straight
out. Compare that to her skirt when she is stopped. So while Tara is
spinning, a part of her, her tutu skirt, becomes "fatter" around the
middle. Many a Lipinski fan paid good money just to watch Tara become
"oblate" around the middle.
The sun, and the outer planets, Jupiter and Saturn, are measurably
oblate, since they rotate fast enough for the centrifugal force to make
them fat around the middle. But those bodies are mostly gas so
becoming oblate is easy. But the earth is mostly a hard solid metallic
ball. So how does earth become oblate?
THE EARTH BECOMES OBLATE: The Bowling Ball versus The Soccer Ball
If you spin a bowling ball faster and faster it will not get fat around
the middle. It is just too hard and solid to change shape. If you spin
a soccer ball faster and faster it will begin to flatten out and get
fat around the middle. It's hard to make a model of a bowling ball
inside a soccer ball to make a model of earth. So we can pretend using a
bowling ball which is covered with a layer of soft clay around the
ball, and then spin the ball and clay faster and faster.
What will happen is that the clay will begin to slowly migrate to the
equator of the spinning bowling ball. This also happened to the earth
about 2 billion years ago. The rocky lithosphere of earth slid toward
the equator on the hot fluid layer of molten asthenosphere. This caused
the rocky lithosphere, like the clay on the bowling ball, to be
squeezed together and build up into a thick ring along the equator.
Like the soft soccer ball, the earth's rocky lithosphere floating on
the fluid asthenosphere became thicker around the middle and the earth
appeared to became oblate. But it was really only the material along
the earth's surface around the equator that changed shape. The earth's
highly compressed solid core and lower mantle, like the solid bowling
ball, did not change shape.
LAND APPEARS ABOVE THE OCEANS: The Orogeny of the Geosynclines
This slow squeezing and building up of the earth's surface lithosphere
toward the equator causes a unique form of mountain to be created.
These mountains are called "geosynclines" and look something like the
skin of wrinkly fruit or a dried prune. This will be one of the
important "questions" later in the proof.
Fig. 9) A Landsat MSS synthetic color photo of the Geosyncline region of
central Pennsylvania. The mountians are made of ancient seafloor
sediment that has been pushed together and then raised up. The rippling
sinuous mountians are typical of geosyncline formations around the
world. In this photo the ancient earth equator ran from the lower
central to the upper right. This shows that the American continent was
originally on the equator and then rotated counter-clockwise about 60
degrees to its present position.
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Where are the geosyncline mountains today? The location of the present
day geosyncline mountains, for the first time in science, accurately
mark the position of the original earth crust compared to the location
of the earth's equator, prior to the time of the K-T boundary.
Scientists wanting to duplicate the experiment with the bowling ball
covered with a layer of clay might find it easier to use another model.
There is nothing equivalent to the force of gravity on the bowling ball
to hold the clay to the surface. A better experiment would use a
hollow clear Lucite plastic ball lined with clay on the inside. Then
spin the plastic ball and watch how the clay layer is forced toward the
equator, building up a thick ring around the equator with a rippled
surface simulating the formation of geosyncline mountains.
It is important to note that the cause of the pushing up of the
geosyncline mountains along the equator was due to the Conservation of
Angular Momentum (CAM) and not due to anything called Plate Tectonics.
During the Devonian period 400 million years ago, the centrifugal force
squeezing the geosyncline mountains, had created a narrow strip of
mountain ranges all the way around the equator raised up almost to a
height of about eight miles. It was at that point in time, the rocky
lithosphere material first peeked above the waves of the ancient eight
mile deep ocean.
It was just after the Devonian, and in the Carboniferous age that the
life in the oceans suddenly burst forth upon the land in wild abundance.
That's why it took so long for life to move from the oceans to the
land. The land suddenly appeared during the Devonian, caused by the
conservation of angular momentum (CAM) and the earth spinning faster and
faster as it cooled.
THE CARBONIFEROUS AGE: The Location of the Geosynclines Today
The massive growth of the rain forest-like ancient gymnosperm plants
such as fern trees, redwoods and pines, so covered the newly exposed
land that they died and left thick layers of dead trees and plants now
called coal layers along the geosyncline mountains. It is no accident
that the prototypical example of the geosyncline mountains is the
present day Allegheny mountains and the Carboniferous age coal fields in
the eastern United States.
It is also no accident that the typical subdivisions of the coal-making
or Carboniferous age are called the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian
ages.
Fig. 10) A typical Carboniferous Age gynmosperm equatorial forest filled
with ferns, fern trees and evergreen pines and redwoods. The forest
floor became a peat bog sometimes miles thick. When the peat bog was
buried and compressed it became soft brown bituminous coal. When the
trees were buried and compressed they became hard black anthracite coal.
The vast coal beds of America, Europe and Asia follow the line of the
Paleozoic equatorial geosyncline mountain formations around the world.
This was the original equatorial rain forest before the K-T boundary
event.
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Those ages mark the position and gradual uplifting and expan- sion of
the narrow strip of geosyncline mountains above the eight mile deep
ocean which still covered the whole rest of the planet. Any place
around the world where you now find the narrow strips of wrinkled
sinuous geo- syncline mountains and large coal deposits mark the
location around the world which was the original tropical rain forest
along the equator of the earth during the late Paleo- zoic and Mesozoic
periods.
From that observation, it is easy to show that modern scientific
attempts to recreate the original position of Pangea are quite wrong,
since they don't place the geosynclines mountains and their coal
deposits along the equator. If maps of Pangea are rotated clockwise
about 45 degrees, and what is now called the Tethys Sea is closed up,
then the geosyncline mountains and coal deposits begin to line up with
the equator. Thus showing that current ideas about when and where
Pangea was located, based on paleomagnetism and other data are simply
incorrect.
From the first appearance of land 400 million years ago, to the end of
the Cretaceous age 65 million years ago, the lithospheric rocky
continental material continued to slide toward the equator and rise
higher and higher. The earth, like Tara the skater pulling in her arms,
cooled and spun faster and faster. In our model of a bowling ball
covered with clay, if spun fast enough, a big chunk of the thick clay
layer around the equator of the bowling ball, about half or more, will
simply and suddenly break free and fly off into space. Thus releasing a
huge amount of angular momentum, and like Tara putting out her arms at
the end of her routine, the earth will suddenly slow down and become
stable again.
THE UNASKED QUESTIONS: The Result of NOT Asking Questions
The question for you is, what do you think happened to that huge chunk
of three fourths of the earth's rocky lithosphere layer when it broke
away and spun off into space 65 million years ago? And also what do you
think happened to all those huge reptilian dinosaurs remaining on the
side of the earth opposite to the point where the big chunk flew off
into space, and the earth suddenly slowed down? You get extra points
for also figuring out why that made the earth tilt over 65 million years
ago and start earth's seasons. Hint: the orbit of the moon is tilted
to the ecliptic plane of the planets and the equator of the earth.
If you think this analysis is too new and outlandish to be possible.
Maybe not. I published this analysis along with an in-depth rigorous
mathematical proof in 1993. I sent copies of the publication to
scientists around the world, including all of the scientists at the
USGS. It seems the analysis was then too far outside their accepted
paradigm. It was completely ignored. But that was their problem, not
mine.
In 1993 the Alvarez theory of asteroid impact causing the dinosaur
demise was so deeply entrenched in mainstream science that any
alternatives were quickly rejected without consideration. But today,
the current divisions of theorists between asteroid or volcanic causes,
means science is now looking around for new answers - since none of the
currently accepted theories seem to work. And as I just pointed out
they also don't seem to answer the many other important questions about
what else happened at the time of the K-T boundary 65 million years ago.
WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS
CHAPTER FIVE: The K-T Event 65 Million Years Ago
In Chapter Four, we left the earth spinning so rapidly that the rocky
continental lithosphere had formed a thick belt or ring around the
equator of the solid core of the earth. As the earth spun faster and
faster the net gravitational force along the equator, which is the
downward non-spinning gravity force minus the upward centrifugal
spinning force, soon approaches zero.
Then about 65 million years ago, a large portion of that thick belt of
land around the equator had less than zero gravity. Then the only thing
holding it to the earth was the mechanical adhesion of the thick fluid
lava layer called the asthenosphere. Then it simply overcame that
sticky adhesion, something like unzipping a huge strip of Velcro around
the equator, and it floated off into space.
That three fourths of the thick rocky ring around the earth carried with
it a large amount of the rapidly spinning earth's energy in the form of
angular momentum. It spiraled outward and was so large that it formed
into a sphere by its own gravity and became what is today called the
moon.
A LITTLE MATH GOES A LONG WAY: Happy Birthday Moon
To prove that, let's do a little math. If the earth spins at 24 hours
per day, as it does today, then the force of gravity at the equator is
about the same as the force of gravity at the north and south poles. If
the earth spins faster, in about a 12 hour revolution day, then the
force of gravity at the equator is around half of what it would be at
the poles. And if the earth spins around in about 7 hours, then the
force of gravity becomes rather close to zero at the equator, while the
force at the poles remains the same.
There are several planets and moons in the solar system which rotate
about that fast. It merely indicates how long the body in space has
been cooling and shrinking. Rapid spinning is a normal part of planet
and moon evolution, and is caused by the body shrinking with age and the
principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum (CAM).
With another quick calculation we can find the volume of the missing
three quarters of the rocky continents of earth. Simply take three
fourths of the surface area of the earth and multiply that by 37 miles,
or the average depth to the hot molten fluid asthenosphere where the
separation took place. That volume of the three fourths of the surface
material missing from the earth's rocky layer is exactly equal to the
volume of the moon. And that calculation also shows the two volumes are
exactly the same with an accuracy of about one percent. Amazing.
That amazing fact, that the volume of the moon is exactly equal to the
volume of the missing rocky continents of earth does not yet prove that
the K-T event might not have been caused by some asteroid impact or some
massive volcanic explosion. But another quick calculation will.
CALCULATING THE CAM: The Asteroid Mysteriously Disappears
If you calculate the spinning energy of the earth, actually it's total
angular momentum, just prior to 65 million years ago, then the principle
of the Conservation of Angular Momentum (CAM) says that even if a
portion of the earth separates and flies off into space, all of the
angular momentum will "always" be conserved.
If you calculate the total angular momentum of today's earth and the
moon and add them together, you will find that the sum is exactly equal
to the original angular momentum of a rapid spinning oblate earth
rotating with a speed of about 7 hours per revolution. This is
important, since it shows that no other body, such as a nearby roaming
asteroid impact could have been involved in the process.
If there had been an impact with some asteroid, then the asteroid's
angular momentum would have also been transferred to either the earth or
moon or both. But since the total angular momentum of the present day
earth and moon system is exactly equal to the angular momentum of an
oblate earth rapidly spinning at near the "zero g speed" 65 million
years ago, then no other body could have been possibly involved in the
process. Otherwise, the calculations of angular momenta of before and
after the K-T event would not be equal.
VISITING THE PLANETS: Many Moons Ago and the Inverse Bode's Law
A little further calculation can show that almost all of the moons in
our solar system were ejected from their parent planet by this very same
process. It is a natural part of the aging and evolution of planetary
systems. As a rotating planet cools, it spins faster and faster,
becoming oblate and unstable. It releases a moon from the oblate
surface, just like Tara Lipinski putting out her arms to slow down her
spin, decreasing the planet's rotation rate and it becomes stable again.
This may be repeated with the larger planets. After a long time, the
larger planets continue to cool and shrink and release another moon.
The larger the planet the more moons it produces to become stable.
A mathematical proof involves the observation of the Inverse Bode's Law.
The Inverse Law shows that the spacing of each of the planets from
outward to inward is about 62 percent of the distance of the next outer
planet. The Inverse Bode's Law also holds true for the major moons of
the solar system, including the formation of a broken ring or asteroid
system after the third or fourth planet or moon inward.
The moons also show the same pattern of three or four large regularly
spaced moons, a ring system and then several smaller regularly space
moons which follow the "law" inside the ring system. Many other smaller
atypical moons give away the fact that they are randomly "captured"
intruders, and don't follow the "law", since they are very tiny and
usually rotate out of the plane of the ecliptic and may even rotate
backwards.
That amount of regularity, symmetry and following the same "law" in
both the planets of the solar system and the moon systems around the
planets cannot be accounted for by the random formation of planets and
moons out of a primordial nebula of dust around a star. But using the
principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum (CAM), and the observation
that the planets and moons are using Tara rotation routines to transfer
angular momentum from one body to another can account for the regular
spacing, spin rates and relative sizes of the planets and moons. If
that is accurate for the other planets and moons, then surely it would
also account for the formation of earth's moon.
TIMING THE K-T BOUNDARY EVENT: Dinosaurs With Wrist Watches
So what happened 65 million years ago? Some massive catastrophic
earthquake event that shook the earth and killed the dinosaurs, as three
fourths of the continents took off into space and became the moon? No.
Most of the animals and plants living on the earth's surface would
hardly notice much of a change. For most of the Cretaceous Age the
animals and plants living on the strip of land around the equator were
in an almost zero g environment. It was almost like floating in space
or walking on the moon.
What happened after the K-T event was that the force of gravity near the
equator, where the animals lived, went from near zero to suddenly
increase to about its present force. Other than that, not much
difference before and after the K-T event. At that event, dinosaurs
wearing watches might notice that the length of the day had changed from
7 hours to 24 hours, but I don't think they noticed.
I
should note that when three fourths of the rocky lithosphere, went off
into space, so did three fourths of the plants and animals on that land,
three fourths of the oceans with the fish in them, along with three
fourths of the earth's atmosphere.
Fig. 11) A 6-foot dragonfly, Meganeura, from the Carboniferous era. If
you build a model of this dragonfly today, it won't even glide let alone
fly. So how did they fly 350 million years ago, unless the earth was
far different from today?
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But the moon is too small to have enough gravity to hold on to the
oceans and atmosphere. Those simply evaporated into the vacuum of
space. The moon then became dry and lifeless. But that does account
for the existence of mysterious riverbeds, deltas and rills still seen
on the dry moon. For a short time the moon was completely covered by
water. Even today, the general appearance of the moon close-up is that
of rock strewn ocean bottom.
Before the K-T event, with almost zero gravity force, the huge 60 ton
dinosaurs could walk around as easily as a chicken crossing the road.
With little gravity, the gigantic 6 foot dragon flies could "swim"
through the very dense atmosphere as easily as a house fly buzzing past
your nose. After the K-T separation event and the increase in gravity
from near zero to the present day force, all of the huge mega-fauna,
such as dinosaurs, which evolved during the previous several million
years, simply were crushed by their own weight.
Fig. 12) A 60-ton Sauropod (lizard-foot) from the Mesozoic era just
prior to the K-T event. This animal stood about as tall as a 4 or 5
story building. Decades ago museums displayed models and pictures
showing these animals dragging their heavy tails. But evidence from
fossil foot prints shows no evidence of tail dragging. Thus they walked
with the tails high in the air to balance their long necks. That would
only be necessary if they ran very swiftly. Pictures such as this,
looking like slow moving giants, like elephants, probably are not
accurate. The small running animals shown here are probably more
correctly shown.
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Only the small animals. both reptiles and mammals, survived. And that is what is seen in the geologic record.
For
scientists wanting real numbers, you would need to use two
dimensionless scientific numbers called the Reynold's Number and the
Froud Number. The Reynold's Number relates viscosity force (air
resistance) to gravity force. The Froud Number relates momentum or
inertia to gravity force. These are often called the rules of scaling.
Prior to the K-T event huge 6 foot dragonflies were flying, but today
even the largest are much smaller than a half foot in size. The
Reynold's Number ratio is 10 to one. Prior to the K-T event, 60 ton
dinosaurs walked around, while today the biggest walking animals are
only about 6 ton elephants. The Froud Number ratio is 10 to one. A
quick use of the Reynold's and Froud Numbers would show that prior to
the K-T event the net force of gravity along the equator was only about
1/10th of what it is today on earth.
From that ratio of ten to one, you can easily calculate the earth's
rotation rate of about 7 hours to produce a net gravity of only about
1/10g. That's almost half of the present day gravity on the moon. As a
human being with that small gravity force on earth, you could easily
lift cars with one hand, leap tall buildings and wear a big red S on
your shirt. The earth was a very different place just prior to the K-T
boundary event.
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE GEOLOGIC RECORD: What Do the Chinese Know?
Next we will take another look at the geologic record, but this time
with new information. We will also include the evidence brought back
from the moon by the Apollo astronauts as part of the "geologic" record.
In fact, prior to 65 million years ago, the moon was part of the
earth, so it is part of the missing geologic record. We will find that
along with three fourths of the missing continents, the moon also has
three fourths of the now missing supply of oil, gas, gold, diamonds and
all the other valuable "mineral wealth" of the earth. The moon is a
vast treasure trove just waiting to be mined. And with riches far
greater than on earth.
All of those precious materials are all neatly compacted on the far side of the moon.
Fig. 13) The latest NASA topographical map of the moon. The colors
indicate the altitude above average lunar terrain. The dark blue at the
top of the near side and dark purple at the bottom of the far side are
low spots with a depth of 3 to 5 miles below the average. These low
spots are the remnants of the very thin crustal layers from the earth's
original north and south polar regions. The large bright red area on
the far side slanting from upper left to lower right is the now missing
3/4th of the geosyncline equatorial region of earth. The average height
of the red region is about 5 to 7 miles above the average terrain
height which is shown in yellow. Thus the moon is not really round at
all. It is heavy on the near side and has a very thick layer of much
lighter rocky material on the far side.
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The near side of the moon, the part we always see, is simply the bottom
part of the miss- ing conti- nents or the old heavy iron rich lava
asthenosphere. That's why the thin front side is cover- ed with black
lava parts called maria.
The lava heavy side of the moon aways points toward us. That's
because the heavy side of the moon always points "downward" toward the
center of the earth, just as does a pendulum weight always hangs
downward toward the center of the earth. And a pendulum may swing back
and forth while pointing to the center of the earth, just as does the
moon rock back and forth with a motion called Libration. The moon
behaves like a pendulum in space with its heavy side always facing
downward toward us.
There are no black maria or seas of lava on the far side of the moon.
The back side of the moon is appreciably higher and thicker and made of
much lighter rocky continental material. It used to be the very thick
belt of land around the oblate earth just before it separated. Are
there dinosaur fossils on the far side of the moon? Nobody ever asked
that question before, so I will let you answer.
It would seem that the backside of the moon would make an ideal space
port. Working in one sixth gravity would make mining and manufacturing
much easier. The abundance of metallic and ceramic materials in the
soil along with vast resources of precious materials and fuel would mean
making large spacecraft for long distance travel quite possible and
much easier than on earth.
According to NASA, they plan to return to the moon by 2015 to begin a
manned space program to other planets. According to the Chinese, they
plan to arrive at the moon and stake claims to all the mineral rights
just before 2015. Do the Chinese know something about the moon that
NASA doesn't?
What we will find by looking again at the geologic record is the
evidence showing exactly what really killed the dinosaurs. And why
there is a white powdery layer surrounding earth called the K-T boundary
which is rich in Indium. Be sure to tell your friends what you just
read and where you read it - otherwise they won't believe you.
BroJon News:
Monday August 22, 2005
THE SHOCKING GREAT WAR:
CREATION VERSUS EVOLUTION
Who Has the Correct Answer?
It's Time to End the Insane Debate
ADDENDUM TO ALL THREE TRIPTYCH PARTS OF THE KINECHRON INVESTIGATION
1. DID JOSHUA MAKE THE SUN STAND STILL -- Chapter 4
2. WHERE DOCTOR EINSTEIN WENT WRONG -- Chapter 3
3. WHAT REALLY KILLED THE DINOSAURS -- Chapter 6
RESOLVING THE GREAT DEBATE
Recently the Science Vs. Religion debate has heated up over the battle
of which "theory" is correct -Creation or Evolution. The debate has
recently ranged from the depths of the White House, to numerous School
Boards, lawsuits and even many college campuses. And which theory is
correct? It turns out that neither side can "prove" they are correct -
for the simple reason that both sides are wrong.
1.) CREATION: The biblical text does not
say that the earth is only about 4,004 years old. That was Bishop Usher
who made that mistake and he was wrong -- not the bible. The bible, in
fact, says nothing about age of the earth. Bishop Usher made a mistake
in assuming that Genesis Chapter 5 was about the ages of the
patriarchs.
Instead it contains a hidden critical piece of scientific information,
necessary for maintaining the Hebrew culture - the exact length of the
year, 365 days. Before about 2,000 BC, most middle-eastern advanced
cultures used a 360 day lunar calendar which is good enough for being a
shepherd or camel herder. But to be a true farmer and use agriculture,
you need to know the exact length of the year to be able to know when to
plant your crops the next year. I will explain and prove that in
detail later.
So Bishop Usher was wrong. People who believe in the "young earth"
are wrong, based on a mistaken translation by a Bishop who was not a
scientist. A Bishop who didn't understand the scientific and
historical meaning of Genesis 5, which documents the "evolution" of
ancient cultures from hunter-gathering-herding societies, into
full-fledged agricultural societies which need a proper 365 day solar
calendar to survive.
2.) EVOLUTION: Charles Darwin was also
very wrong. Evolution by "natural selection" was not the process which
created the myriad lifeforms that now exist on earth. There is plenty
of evidence which can prove that. The one item of critical evidence to
prove that Darwin's Evolution is not correct is that after 150 years of
diligent searching, not one, no, not even one example of a missing link
or any intermediate species form has ever been discovered. But that is
exactly what is needed to show Darwin's evolution theory was correct.
Since no intermediate species have ever been found, therefore Darwin's
gradual evolution theory by "natural selection" is shown to be false.
Thus the arguments for both sides of the heated debate between "creation
vs evolution" are non-starters. They are BOTH wrong. It's like two
blind people arguing over the color of the sky or the sun. Neither side
can prove the other side is correct or incorrect. It is a useless
debate and a waste of time. I won't mention the number of angels on
heads of pins as another example of useless philosophical debates.
Actually, creation and evolution are also BOTH correct, to some degree.
Not in anyway that most people believe -- but just enough to fool both
sides into thinking that they each might actually be correct.
Every 1 to 2 million years, the magnetic field of the earth reverses the
north and south magnetic poles. The earth itself does not reverse -
just the magnetic field. During the reversal process, the earth's
magnetic field, which usually acts as a shield protecting lifeforms
from intense solar X-rays, gamma rays, and deadly dangerous ionizing
particle radiation, suddenly disappears. The deadly intense solar
radiation is momentarily allowed to strike the surface of the earth.
Within hours, about 99 percent of all life on earth is instantly killed
by the intense radiation. Those few 1 percent of survivors, hidden in
caves, in holes in the earth, or under water are highly deformed,
damaged and mutated by the intense radiation causing direct damage to
the DNA molecules in their reproductive cells. But the radiation damage
is not visible in those survivors, but it is clearly seen in their
direct offspring.
Within months or a year, or less than one generation, the surviving
mutants which may or may not still be viable, may be able to reproduce.
This results in multitudes of numerous competing similar but highly
modified mutant lifeforms. Then and only then, does Darwin's evolution
process of "natural selection," enter the scene, to cull the less able
or disabled mutant forms to be lost to history, while the strong
survivors with many new adaptable traits become numerous new species.
The new species were suddenly "created" by the intense radiation within
one generation.
Example: About 1 million years ago, during the last magnetic field
reversal, one species, Saber Tooth tigers, were extremely irradiated and
in less than a year became, modern lions, tigers, pumas, ocelots,
bobcats, pussycats and numerous other feline species. None of the new
species was ever seen before the massive radiation event at the magnetic
field reversal. Darwin's "evolution" didn't and couldn't do all of
that within several years. But that is what the geologic record shows
-- almost instantaneous "creation" of many new species by intense random
radiation with no intermediate "missing link" forms, and all within one
generation.
Since the time of the age of dinosaurs, which ended 65 million years
ago, there have been about 15 to 20 magnetic field reversals. At each
reversal, there is almost instantaneous creation of multitudes of new
lifeforms, usually resulting in many forms coming from just one earlier
life form. And usually the earlier life form disappears, since it is no
longer competitive.
Another example: The early horse, eohippus, about the size of a dog,
disappeared, but became donkeys, horses and several equine variants such
as zebras which are almost related species. Notice, in this process
there is no gradual evolution -- and thus no "missing links" between
species.
Charles Darwin, when he invented his evolution theory, knew nothing
about this, since "radiation" was not "discovered" until 50 years later
by Madame Currie. And the effect of radiation on DNA was completely
unknown, until DNA was "discovered" by Watson and Crick 100 years after
Darwin. Thus Darwin, in the mid-19th century, had no clue as to what
might be the actual cause to make one species change into another
species. Thus Darwin's Theory is wrong.
No missing links between species have ever been discovered. Now you
know why. The new species were "created" almost in the blink of an
eye, by intense solar radiation. No intermediate species or "missing
link" were ever born. The new mutant species were born directly from
their highly radiated and DNA-modified parents.
Thus, almost instantaneously, in geologic time, the new lifeforms are
"created" by the intense radiation, and then the survivors quickly
"evolved" in just one generation into the many viable new species.
Thus, it is time to end the inane debate between "creation versus
evolution." Both scientific and religious "beliefs" are wrong and
cannot be proved to be true. Both can be proved to be false. And also
both are partly "right" -- but for the wrong reason.
Marshall Smith
Editor, BroJon Gazette
www.brojon.com
-- BROTHER JONATHAN GAZETTE
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